债基建仓期不得超配同业存单 银行公募“帮忙模式”料终结
"??? ??"(lavender scare)? 20?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ?2? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[1] ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????.[2] ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????.[3]
???? ????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ? ?? ???? ?? K. ??? ??? ?? ??.
?? '????'? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ? ??? ???? ... ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???????.[4]
??
????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? K. ??? 2004? ? 《??? ??》(The Lavender Scare)? ??? ??????. ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? "??? ????"??? ???? ???. 1952?, ???? 11? ???? ???? ???? ????? "??? ???"? ??? ???? ????.[5][6] ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? 《???? ???》?? ???.[7]
??
??1950?? ?? ?? ?? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??, ?? ??? ??????.[8] ??? ????? "????? ??", ?? "????? ???" ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. ??, ? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.[9]
??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? 1947?, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??? "?? ??"? ???? D. ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??-?? ?? ??? ?????.[10] ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? "???? ??" ???? ?????, ?????? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? "??? ???, ????, ??? ???, ??? ????, ???"? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[11] ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? "????"? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????. 1947??? 1950? ??? 1,700? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.[12]
1947? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. 1940? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????.[13] ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, 1? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?2? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????.[14] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???.[15] ?1? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ?2? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? 1943? ?? ???? ???? ?????.[16] ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??/???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ????? 1,800? ? ? 4,000??? 5,000? ??? ?? ????.[17] ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? 2,000??? 5,000? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????, ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????.[18]
?? ?? ?? ?? ??? DC? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?2? ?? ??? ? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????.[19] ?2? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???, ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????, ?? ??? ???, ???, ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????.[20]
1950? 2?, ??? ??? ????? ????? 205?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? 91?? ???? ??? ?????? ????.[21][22] ? ? ? ? ??? ?????.[23] ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? "??"? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. 1950? 6? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? 12??? ??????, ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? 5??? 60??? ?? ?????.[24] 1950? 4? 19? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? "?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????"? "??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??"?? ????.[25] ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????.[26] ???? ?? ?(??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??)[27][28][29][30] ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?? (FBI ?? J. ??? ??? ??? ????) ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????.[31][32][33] 1953? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? 425?? ??? ?????? ?????.[34][35][36]
???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????, ?2? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???. "???, ???? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ????(cocksucker)? ??? ???."[37] ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.[38] ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ? ? "????? ???"?? "????? ????"? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???.[39]
?? ??, ???? ?? ??? "??? 14"? "??? 62"?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? "???? ?? ??"? ??????? ????.[39] ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? "???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??"?? ?????, ? ???? ???? "??? ??? ???" ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.[39]
???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ??, ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???. "?????, ?? ????? ????. ???? ?? ?? ???."[40]
?? ?? 10450
??1953? ???? D. ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? 10450? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.[41] ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? 5,000?? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.
??, ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? "????"? ?????. ??, ????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ? ???.[42]
1950?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? 20% ??? 1,200? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???.[43]
1973? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ?????,[44] 1975? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?? 10450? 1995? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? "??? ???? ??" ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????.[45] 1998?? ???? ?? ?? 13087? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? 2017? ?? ???? ?? ?? 13764? ????? ? ? ??? ????? ?????.[46]
"???"? ????? ??
??????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????.[47] ???? ???? ????? "'??? ?? ??'? ?? ??"?? ?????.[48] [????? ?????]? ???? ??? ??, ??, ?? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????. [???] ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? [???] ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???.[49] ???? K. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ???, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????.[50] ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???. ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. "??? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???." ???(??? ????? ???? ???)? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????.[51]
??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????. "????? ???? ??? ? ? ??." ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???. "??? ???, ??, ?? ?? ???????? ? ??, ? ???[?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??]? ???? ????? ???."[52]
"????"??? ??? 1930??? ?? ???, WH ??, ??? ??? "????"? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ???, ??? "??? ????? ???? ?? ?????"? ???? ??? ???. 1952? R. G. ??? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????.[53]
??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????.[54]
?? ?? ???
???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. 1949??? 1952??? ???? R. ?? ????? ?? ? ?? ???? "?? ????? ????? ??"? ?????.[55] ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? "??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ????"? ???.[56] ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1950? 3?? 5?, 7?? 9? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? "????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??"? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[57] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ??.[39] ? ??? ? ???? ??? DC? 5,000?? ????? ???? ? 3,700?? ?? ????? ??? DC ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.[39] ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????.[58] "?? ? ???? ? ?? ???? ??"? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??, ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? FBI ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????.[59] ?? ???? ? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???. ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[60]
? ? 12? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? "?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??." ?? "?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????" ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? "?? ??"? ?? ??? ?? ??? "???"??? ???? ???? ??? ???.[61] ???? ????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ??, ???? ??, ???? ??, ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? "??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??"???? "??"? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? "?? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??"?? ????.[62]
???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.[63] ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????.[64]
?????
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? G. ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????.[65][66] ??-??? ????? ?? ??? "??? ??"? ???? "?? ???? ? ???" ???? ??? ??? ?????.[66] ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? "???? ??" ??? ??? ????, ?? "??"? "??? ??? ??"??? ?????.[66] ?? "??"? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? "??"? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ? ??? "?????", "????", "???"??? ???.[66]
?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????.[67] 1952? ?, ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? "?? ??? ??? ????" ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??. ?? ???? FBI ???? 1952? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????. "?? ?? ? ???? ?? ? [???]? ??? [??]? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????." J. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? "?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????."? ????.[68][69]
?? ??? ???? ???? ???? C. A. ??? ?? 《????? ????》?? ???? ??? "?? ????"(predominantly homosexual)??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???(? ?)? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????.
???? ?? ???? ??
?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? DC?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???.[70] ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????.[71] ? ?? ?? ???? 1957? ???? ???? "?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??."?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????. "??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???.", "?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???."[72] ???? ???? 1976??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ???.[73][74] 1981? 9?, ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????.[75][76]
20?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? "?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ... ??? 1950??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??."[77]
1956?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??(?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??) ?? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? 60?? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ???? ?????.[78]
??? ??? ??
????? "????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???"? ????.[79] ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??, 1958? 4? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ???.[80]
????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????. "??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ???."[81] "? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???."'[82] ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.
??
?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ???? 1957? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? 4? ?? 1965?, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[83]
??? ????? ???, LGBT ???? ? ??? "?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??"? ????? ??? ????? ?????.[84] ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[85] ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????.[85]
????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ? ??, ??? ???, ?? ??, ?? ????, ??? ? ???, ? ????, ???? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. 1949? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? "??? ? ?? ???"(The Unmentionable Minority)?? ??? ??? ???.[86]
???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? 1955? 9? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? '??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????' ??? ???? ????.[87] ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
??
??????? ??? ?? 1956? ? ? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? 1950?? ??? ?? ???,[88] ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ?? ? ??? 1995??? ???? ?? ?? ?? 10450? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????.[89] ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? FLIC, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????. FLIC? 1956?? ?????? 1964??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? FLIC? ?? ??? ???? 200? ??? ??? ?????. FLIC? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????.[90]
2017? 1?, ? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? 1990???? ?????? ?????.[91]
?????
??《??? ???》(Lavender Scare)? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????. ???? K. ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??. ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ? ?? 70? ??? ????? ?????? 2019??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????. PBS? 2019? 6? 18?? ? ??? ?????.[92]
?? ??
???? ??
????
??- ↑ “An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government”. The University of Chicago Press. 2004.
The Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated. Both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed. And both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 1–2?
- ↑ Shibusawa, Naoko (September 2012). “The Lavender Scare and Empire: Rethinking Cold War Antigay Politics”. 《Diplomatic History》 36 (4): 723–752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2012.01052.x. JSTOR 44376170.
- ↑ McDaniel, Rodger (2013). 〈Prologue: 'Have You Considered My Servant Lester?'〉. 《Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt》. Cody, WY: WordsWorth. xiii–xxi?. Bibcode:registration. ISBN 9780983027591. OCLC 839278347.
- ↑ Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War, 2nd ed. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 44
- ↑ Byron C. Hulsey, Everett Dirksen and His Presidents: How a Senate Giant Shaped American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 2000), 48–49
- ↑ Samuel Bernstein, "Lavender Lads Bartone Babes", The Advocate, February 27, 2007. On the association of a variety colors with homosexuality, see Venetia Newall, "Folklore and Male Homosexuality", Folklore, vol. 97, no. 2, 1986, 126
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 63?
- ↑ Shibusawa, Naoko (September 2012). “The Lavender Scare and Empire: Rethinking Cold War Antigay Politics”. 《Diplomatic History》 36 (4): 723–752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2012.01052.x. JSTOR 44376170.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 21?
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 21?
- ↑ Stein, Marc (2012). 《Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement》. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-280-77657-1. OCLC 796932345.
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 10?
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 11?
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 33?
- ↑ Shilts, Randy (1994). 《Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military》. New York: Fawcett Columbine Books. 15–17?.
- ↑ Shibusawa, Naoko (September 2012). “The Lavender Scare and Empire: Rethinking Cold War Antigay Politics”. 《Diplomatic History》 36 (4): 723–752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2012.01052.x. JSTOR 44376170.
- ↑ Swenson, Kyle (2018? 1? 11?). “The Air Force expelled her in 1955 for being a lesbian. Now, at 90, she's getting an honorable discharge.”. 《The Washington Post》. ProQuest 1988830718. 2019? 10? 31?? ???.
|id=? templatestyles stripmarker? ??(?? 1) (???) - ↑ Johnson 2004, 51?
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 258?
- ↑ Representative Miller (NE). "Homosexuals in Government". Congressional Record 96:4 (March 29, 1950), H4527
- ↑ “Thailand: Smiling Jack”. 《Time》. 1955? 8? 22?.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 12?
- ↑ Stein, Marc (2012). 《Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement》. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-280-77657-1. OCLC 796932345.
- ↑ “Perverts Called Government peril”. 《The New York Times》. 1950? 4? 19?.
- ↑ “Today in history: State Department reveals purge of 91 homosexuals”. 《Daily Kos》. 2016? 3? 21?? ???.
- ↑ “McCarthyism, Homophobia, and Homosexuality: 1940s-1950s”. 《OutHistory》. 2022? 2? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 3?? ???.
- ↑ Baram, Marcus (2017? 4? 14?). “Eavesdropping on Roy Cohn and Donald Trump”. 《The New Yorker》. 2022? 1? 30?? ???.
- ↑ Krebs, Albin (1986? 8? 3?). “Roy Cohn, Aide to McCarthy and Fiery Lawyer, Dies at 59”. 《The New York Times》. 2022? 6? 3?? ???.
- ↑ Nicholas von Hoffman (March 1988). “Life Magazine – The Snarling Death of Roy M. Cohn”. 《maryellenmark.com》.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 22?
- ↑ McDaniel, Rodger (2013). 〈Prologue: 'Have You Considered My Servant Lester?'〉. 《Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt》. Cody, WY: WordsWorth. Bibcode:registration. ISBN 9780983027591. OCLC 839278347.
- ↑ White, William S. (1950? 5? 20?). “Inquiry by Senate on Perverts Asked” (PDF). 《The New York Times》. 2014? 12? 29?? ???.
- ↑ “The Legacy of Discriminatory State Laws, Policies, and Practices, 1945–Present” (PDF). Williams Institute, UCLA. 2016? 3? 4?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2022? 6? 28?? ???.
- ↑ “126 Perverts Discharged”. 《The New York Times》. 1952? 3? 26?. 2014? 12? 29?? ???.
- ↑ Berard, Lauren B., "Something Changed: The Social and Legal Status of Homosexuality in America as Reported by The New York Times" (2014). Honors Theses. Paper 357. ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??
- ↑ Cuordileone, K. A. (September 2000). “'Politics in an Age of Anxiety': Cold War Political Culture and the Crisis in American Masculinity, 1949–1960”. 《The Journal of American History》 87 (2): 515–545. doi:10.2307/2568762. JSTOR 2568762.
- ↑ Damousi, Joy; Plotkin, Mariano Ben (2012). 《Psychoanalysis and Politics: Histories of Psychoanalysis Under Conditions of Restricted Political Freedom》. Oxford University Press. 221?. ISBN 978-0-19-992316-8.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Adkins, Judith (Summer 2016). “'These People Are Frightened to Death': Congressional Investigations and the Lavender Scare”. 《Prologue》. 48? 2?. 6–20?.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 68?
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 269?
- ↑ “The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government”. 《outhistory.org ? It's About Time》. 2019? 10? 31?? ???.
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 269?
- ↑ “Singer v. United States Civil Service Com'n | 530 F.2d 247 | 9th Cir. | Judgment” (??). CaseMine. 2021? 6? 19?? ???.
- ↑ “Clinton Issued Order Letting Gays Get Security Clearances 16 Years Ago Today”. 《ThinkProgress》. 2016? 3? 21?? ???.
- ↑ “Executive Order 13764: Amending the Civil Service Rules, Executive Order 13488, and Executive Order 13467 To Modernize the Executive Branch-Wide Governance Structure and Processes for Security Clearances, Suitability and Fitness for Employment, and Credentialing, and Related Matters” (PDF). 《Federal Register》. 2017? 8? 5?? ???.
- ↑ Prono, Luca. “McCarthyism” (PDF). glbtq.com.
- ↑ Carlson, Dennis. "Gayness, multicultural education, and community." Beyond black and white: New faces and voices in the U.S. Schools (1997): 233–256.
- ↑ “An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government”. The University of Chicago Press. 2004.
The Lavender Scare helped fan the flames of the Red Scare. In popular discourse, communists and homosexuals were often conflated. Both groups were perceived as hidden subcultures with their own meeting places, literature, cultural codes, and bonds of loyalty. Both groups were thought to recruit to their ranks the psychologically weak or disturbed. And both groups were considered immoral and godless. Many people believed that the two groups were working together to undermine the government.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 95?
- ↑ Field, Douglas, ??. (2005). 《American Cold War Culture》. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748619238.
- ↑ Lerner, Max, The Unfinished Country: A Book of American Symbols. Simon and Schuster, 1959 pp. 313–316.
- ↑ Shibusawa, Naoko (September 2012). “The Lavender Scare and Empire: Rethinking Cold War Antigay Politics”. 《Diplomatic History》 36 (4): 723–752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2012.01052.x. JSTOR 44376170.
- ↑ Lillian Faderman; Stuart Timmons (2006). 《Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians》. Basic Books. 113?. ISBN 978-0-465-02288-5. 2015? 5? 8?? ???.
- ↑ 《Executive Session Hearing of the Subcommittee on Investigations》. Series: Committee Papers, 1789–2015. 1950. 2022? 8? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 6? 29?? ???.
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 114?
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 264?
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 99?
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 103?
- ↑ Johnson 2004, 114?
- ↑ Charles 2015, 94?
- ↑ Charles 2015, 95?
- ↑ Charles 2015, 95?
- ↑ Bérubé 1990, 267?
- ↑ Wicker, Tom (2006). 《Shooting Star: The Brief Arc of Joe McCarthy》 1?. Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt. ISBN 015101082X. OCLC 61204327.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? Miller, Neil (2005). 〈Chapter 18〉. 《Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present》. Los Angeles, California: Advocate Books. ISBN 978-1-55583-870-6. 2009? 9? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ Nichols, David A. (2017). 《Ike and McCarthy: Dwight Eisenhower's Secret Campaign Against Joseph McCarthy》. Simon & Schuster. 277?.
- ↑ “Joseph McCarthy FBI File, part 3 of 56 (part 2 of 28)”. 《FBI Records: The Vault》.
- ↑ Oshinsky, David (2019). 《A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy》. Free Press.
- ↑ Johnson 2004
- ↑ Ayyar, Raj (2004? 1? 1?). “Historian David K. Johnson: Exposes the U.S. Government's Anti-Gay Crusades”. 《Gay Today》. 2015? 5? 8?? ???.
- ↑ Bérubé 1990
- ↑ Gibson 1978
- ↑ Bérubé 1990
- ↑ Bérubé 1990
- ↑ Haggerty 1990
- ↑ Prono, Luca. “McCarthyism” (PDF). glbtq.com.
- ↑ “Evelyn Hooker, Ph.D.: September 2, 1907 – November 18, 1996”. UC Davis. 1998? 1? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 4? 23?? ???.
- ↑ Johnson 2004
- ↑ Johnson 2004
- ↑ Johnson 2004
- ↑ Johnson 2004
- ↑ “The Gay Civil Rights Movement Turns to Public Picketing”. The Rainbow History Project. 2011? 5? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 1? 9?? ???.
- ↑ Faderman, Lillian (2012). 《Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America》. United Kingdom: Columbia University Press. 157?. ISBN 9780231530743.
- ↑ ? ? Prono, Luca. “McCarthyism” (PDF). glbtq.com.
- ↑ Stein, Marc (2012). 《Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement》. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-280-77657-1. OCLC 796932345.
- ↑ Marino, M. M. (2009? 6? 1?). “Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement”. 《Oral History Review》 (??) 36 (2): 296–298. doi:10.1093/ohr/ohp077. ISSN 0094-0798.
- ↑ “Cole v. Young, 351 U.S. 536 (1956)”. justia.com. 2018? 3? 21?? ???.
- ↑ “Clinton Issued Order Letting Gays Get Security Clearances 16 Years Ago Today”. 《ThinkProgress》. 2016? 3? 21?? ???.
- ↑ “The Committee Documentary”. riches.cah.ucf.edu. 2016? 3? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 3? 21?? ???.
- ↑ "State Department Apologizes for the "Lavender Scare", Jason Daley. Smithsonian. January 10, 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017
- ↑ “The Lavender Scare – Premieres Tuesday, June 18 on PBS”. PBS. 2019? 5? 14?. 2019? 6? 21?? ???.
??
??- Bérubé, Allan (1990). 《Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two》. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 9780743210713. OCLC 964232213.
- Charles, Douglas M. (2015). 《Hoover's War on Gays: Exposing the FBI's "Sex Deviants" Program》. Lawrence, KS: The University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700621194. OCLC 935871924.
- Gibson, E. Lawrence (1978). 《Get Off My Ship: Ensign Berg vs. the U.S. Navy》. Vernon E. Berg III (illustrations). New York: Avon. ISBN 9780380400713. OCLC 4457943.
- Haggerty, Timothy (2003). 〈History Repeating Itself: A Historical Overview of Gay Men and Lesbians in the Military Before 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'〉. Belkin, Aaron; Geoffrey Bateman. 《Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Debating the Gay Ban in the Military》. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, Publishers. 9–49?. ISBN 9781588261212. OCLC 493627688.
- Johnson, David K. (2004). 《The Lavender Scare》. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226401904. OCLC 921180945.
? ????
??- Dean, Robert D. (2003). 《Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy》. Culture, Politics, and the Cold War. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-414-5.
- Gallo, Marcia M. (2006). 《Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement》 1?. New York: Carroll & Graf, Publishers. ISBN 9780786716340. OCLC 760125421.
- Gallo, Marcia M. (2007). 《Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement》 Reprint?. Emeryville, Calif.: Seal Press. ISBN 9781580052528. OCLC 849670631.
- Kirchick, James (2022). 《Secret City: The Hidden History of Gay Washington》. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781627792325. OCLC 1293451114. Excerpt.
- Sherry, Michael S. (2007). 《Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy》. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807831212. OCLC 493592803.
- Montanarelli, Lisa (2007? 11? 25?). “They're Here, Queer and Art Pioneers in Sherry's 'Gay Artists'”. 《San Francisco Chronicle》. 2022? 6? 3?? ???. Book review.
?? ??
??- Longernecker v. Higley, December 22, 1955
- The Lavender Scare - ????? ?? ?? ????
- Uniquely Nasty: The U.S. Government's War on Gays - ??! ?? ????? ??(2015?)